What is addiction?

Alcoholism was first classified as a disease with a predictable development as late as in the 1950’s. Several factors contribute to the development of the disease; biological/genetically as well as psychological and social. Neuro-scientific research on addiction shows that most addictive substances – e.g. alcohol, drugs and prescription drugs, affect a particular system in the brain known as the reward system. Addictive substances “cheat” the reward system and offer a shortcut to satisfaction. This is why the addict, in spite of his/her awareness of harmful consequences and/or a conscious desire to quit, experiences great difficulties in becoming drug free. 

Endorphins in the central nervous system stimulate the release of dopamine in the reward system. This release can be stimulated not only through chemical substances such as alcohol and drugs but also, for example, through the excitement a gambler experiences when gambling.

In many respects the thoughts, feelings and actions in an individual with an addiction which is not chemically induced are very similar to those of an individual with a chemical addiction. There are modified cognitive treatment programs for addictions such as gambling and eating disorders.

Last but not least, it should be stressed that no one who is close to an addict, no matter what the addiction, can avoid being affected. The efforts of spouses, children, siblings, parents, friends and co workers who want to help seldom show much result. The addiction will progress unless it is treated professionally. Those who are close to an addict often experience pain and hopelessness, and may even develop medical conditions of their own such as insomnia, aches and tensions, gastric disorders etc. The addict is in focus, one forgets to take care of oneself. Significant others may also benefit from professional help and support in order to acquire adaptive ways of approaching issues, and learning new, more efficient strategies to handle the problems at hand.

Course of treatment

Initially the problem is mapped out. How does it manifest? What would the client like to achieve? What is the degree of motivation and how much does the client believe in his/her ability? As in all cognitive therapy the conceptualization or the individual chart is a guideline for the treatment. Together we investigate the connection between the triggering situations, thoughts, feelings, actions and consequences; we go on to evaluate new possible approaches. The client can then decide on a realistic goal for treatment.

Suggested reading

The addictive personality
Craig Nakken, Hazelden Foundation, 1988

Reclaim Your Family from Addiction: How couples and Families Recover Love and Meaning
Craig Nakken, Hazelden Foundation, 2000